She meets aunts and cousins on her shifts all the time. Avoiding consumption of contaminated food would be another essential element in the response to the emergency. At its heart is a giant pond full of radioactive . Around the same time, an old crack in a waste silo opened up again. At the moment, Nuclear Waste Services is in discussions with four communities about the potential to host a GDF. Nations dissolve. It also carried out years of fuel reprocessing: extracting uranium and plutonium from nuclear fuel rods after theyd ended their life cycles. Your call is important to us. Japan, its Fukushima trauma just a decade old, announced that it will commission new plants. Last year, BBC's Panorama exposed safety concerns at the plant after a tip-off from a whistleblower, including allegations of inadequate staffing levels and poor maintenance. 2023 BBC. Below us, submerged in water, lay decades worth of intermediate-level waste not quite as radioactive as spent fuel rods, but more harmful than low-level paper towels. Go 'beyond the nutshell' at https://brilliant.org/nutshell by diving deeper into these topics and more with 20% off an annual subscription!This video was spo. The facility has an 8,000 container capacity. But. Waste disposal is a completely solved problem, Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb, declared in 1979. Sellafields isolated location, perched on the Cumbrian coast looking over to the Isle of Man, is also a slow death-warrant; the salty, corrosive sea air plays a lethal game of cat and mouse with the sites ageing infrastructure. If they degrade too much, waste will seep out of them, poisoning the Cumbrian soil and water. Germany had planned to abandon nuclear fuel by the end of this year, but in October, it extended that deadline to next spring. The radiation trackers clipped to our protective overalls let off soft cheeps, their frequency varying as radioactivity levels changed around us. What could possibly go wrong indeed. This stopped operating before I was born and back then there was a Cold War mentality, he says. Queen Elizabeth II at the opening ceremony of the Windscale nuclear power station, later known as Sellafield, in 1956. ome industrial machines have soothing names; the laser snake is not one of them. Pipes run in every direction and a lattice of scaffolding blocks out the sky. Sellafield's Magnox plant will stop reprocessing in July 2022 and enter a new era of clean-up and decommissioning. The main reason power companies and governments arent keener on nuclear power is not that activists are holding them back or that uranium is difficult to find, but that producing it safely is just proving too expensive. He was right, but only in theory. In a factory on the outskirts of Glasgow, aerospace manufacturer Skyrora is building rockets for a space-bound taxi service for satellites. The solution, for now, is vitrification. Lets go home, Dixon said. Voice and data communications go into an unprecedented fury as NORAD attempts to verify inbound nuclear missiles 4. Not far from the silos, I met John Cassidy, who has helped manage one of Sellafields waste storage ponds for more than three decades so long that a colleague called him the Oracle. At one point, when we were walking through the site, a member of the Sellafield team pointed out three different waste storage facilities within a 500-metre radius. Most of the atoms in our daily lives the carbon in the wood of a desk, the oxygen in the air, the silicon in window glass have stable nuclei. The skips have held radioactive material for so long that they themselves count as waste. In January 2012 Cumbria County Council rejected an application to carry out detailed geological surveys in boroughs near Sellafield. Put a funnel in the neck of a balloon, and hold onto the balloon neck and funnel. A second controlled explosion was then carried out at the same location shortly before 16:00 BST. It cannot be emphasised too strongly that there is the world of difference between being at, or very close to, the site of a major nuclear disaster and being 100 miles away, as the nearest point in this country is from Sellafield; or even 60 miles away as we are from Wylfa nuclear power station in north Wales, which is the nuclear installation nearest to Ireland. Sellafield says vitrification ensures safe medium-to-long-term storage, but even glass degrades over time. When they arrived over the years, during the heyday of reprocessing, the skips were unloaded into pools so haphazardly that Sellafield is now having to build an underwater map of what is where, just to know best how to get it all out. ny time spent in Sellafield is scored to a soundtrack of alarms and signals. It is now home to a one-tonne BROKK-90 demolition machine which smashes up sections of the lab and loads them into plastic buckets on a conveyer belt. The waste, a mix of graphite, bricks, tubing and reams of metalwork so-called low and intermediate-level radioactive waste was then loaded into 121 concrete blocks and sealed using a grout mix of concrete and steel. The room on the screens is littered with rubbish and smashed up bits of equipment. Again, things are thrown out of balance, but this time, when the star collapses, it falls in on a core of volatile oxygen, rather than iron. He was right, but only in theory. Regardless of who runs it, Sellafield could remain one of Europes most toxic sites for millennia. Then they were skinned of their cladding and dissolved in boiling nitric acid. First it manufactured plutonium for nuclear weapons. But Teller was glossing over the details, namely: the expense of keeping waste safe, the duration over which it has to be maintained, the accidents that could befall it, the fallout of those accidents. No possible version of the future can be discounted. Sellafield took its present name only in 1981, in part to erase the old name, Windscale, and the associated memories of the fire. It is understood to be the Government's intention that very shortly iodine tablets will be available to everybody to keep in their home, with reserve supplies also being held in key locations throughout the country. As a result, Bowman admitted, Sellafields scientists are having to invent, mid-marathon, the process of winding the site down and theyre finding that they still dont know enough about it. Nuclear fuel is radioactive, of course, but so is nuclear waste, and the only thing that can render such waste harmless is time. Four decades on, not a single GDF has begun to operate anywhere in the world. The government is paying private companies 1.7bn a year to decommission ageing buildings at Sellafield. A popular phrase in the nuclear waste industry goes: When in doubt, grout.) Even the paper towel needs a couple of hundred years to shed its radioactivity and become safe, though. After its fat, six-metre-long body slinks out of its cage-like housing, it can rear up in serpentine fashion, as if scanning its surroundings for prey. The video is spectacular. The expenditure rises because structures age, growing more rickety, more prone to mishap. Since September 11th, public concern in Ireland about Sellafield has taken on the added dimension of fear of a terrorist attack on the plant. An automated dismantling machine, remote-controlled manipulator arm and crane were used to take it apart piece by piece, leaving only the concrete biological shield and iconic, aluminium-clad shell. It should have been cancer cases, not deaths. Tellers complete solution is still a hypothesis. As of 2014 the First Generation Magnox Storage Pond contained 1,200 cubic metres of radioactive sludge. It had to be disposed of, but it was too big to remove in one piece. o take apart an ageing nuclear facility, you have to put a lot of other things together first. After the 2011 disaster at the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan, several countries began shuttering their reactors and tearing up plans for new ones. A few days later, some of these particles were detected as far away as Germany and Norway. Then, having driven through a high-security gate, youre surrounded by towering chimneys, pipework, chugging cooling plants, everything dressed in steampunk. Slide the funnel out of the balloon and have your child hold the portion of the balloon with the . The only hint of what each box contains is a short serial number stamped on one side that can only be decoded using a formula held at three separate locations and printed on vellum. The breakthroughs and innovations that we uncover lead to new ways of thinking, new connections, and new industries. Somewhere on the premises, Sellafield has also stored the 140 tonnes of plutonium it has purified over the decades. But the first consideration clearly has to be health. Sellafield reprocesses and stores nearly all of Britain's nuclear waste, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. But the pursuit of commercial reprocessing turned Sellafield and a similar French site into de facto waste dumps, the journalist Stephanie Cooke found in her book In Mortal Hands. The fire was in Unit 1 of the two-pile Windscale site on the north-west coast of England in Cumberland (now Sellafield, Cumbria). Any pathogens within the phlegm will be easily neutralised by . 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The snake, though, could slither right in through a hole drilled into a cell wall, and right up to a two-metre-high, double-walled steel vat once used to dissolve fuel in acid. For nearly 30 years, few people knew that the fire dispersed not just radioactive iodine but also polonium, far more deadly. What would happen if the entire world launched nukes at the US at the same time? Have your child pours in enough baking soda to fill the balloon halfway. Theyd become inordinately expensive to build and maintain, in any case, especially compared to solar and wind installations. The outside of the container is decontaminated before it is moved to Sellafields huge vitrified product store, an air-cooled facility currently home to 6,000 containers. Heat Pumps Sell Like Hotcakes on America's Oil-Rich Frontier. The Baking Soda Balloon Blow-Up Experiment. From an operational nuclear facility, Sellafield turned into a full-time storage depot but an uncanny, precarious one, filled with toxic nuclear waste that has to be kept contained at any cost. This tick-tock noise, emitted by Tannoys dotted throughout the facility, is the equivalent of an 'everything's okay' alarm. And here, over roughly 20m years, the uranium and other bits of space dust and debris cohered to form our planet in such a way that the violent tectonics of the young Earth pushed the uranium not towards its hot core but up into the folds of its crust. The statement added: "We have now removed the cordon from around the laboratory, and the site is working as it would be on any other Saturday.". This burial plan is the governments agreed solution but public and political opposition, combined with difficulties in finding a site, have seen proposals stall. If Al Queda decide to hit hit sellafield with anything bigger than a Lear jet, it would most likely spell the end of the eastern seaboard of ireland being anything approaching inhabitable for a very long time. Before leaving every building, we ran Geiger counters over ourselves always remembering to scan the tops of our heads and the soles of our feet and these clacked like rattlesnakes. But who wants nuclear waste buried in their backyard? Sellafield has taken in nearly 60,000 tonnes of spent fuel, more than half of all such fuel reprocessed anywhere in the world. For six weeks, Sellafields engineers prepared for the task, rehearsing on a 3D model, ventilating the cell, setting up a stream of air to blow away the molten metal, ensuring that nothing caught fire from the lasers sparks. The difference in a "blown" engine . Many of us put our phones and laptop charging during the night. The number of radioactive atoms in the kind of iodine found in nuclear waste byproducts halves every 16m years. It might not have a home yet, but the countrys first geological disposal facility will be vast: surface buildings are expected to cover 1km sq and underground tunnels will stretch for up to 20 km sq. A government inquiry was then held, but its report was not released in full until 1988. Then it is vitrified: mixed with three parts glass beads and a little sugar, until it turns into a hot block of dirty-brown glass. This cycle, from acid to powder, lasted up to 36 hours, Dixon said and it hadnt improved a jot in efficiency in the years shed been there. "Nobody yet has come up with a different suggestion other than sticking it in the ground, Davey tells me, half-jokingly. (That 121bn price tag may swell further.) They just dropped through, and you heard nothing. The government had to buy up milk from farmers living in 500 sq km around Sellafield and dump it in the Irish Sea. Since December 2019, Dixon said, Ive only had 16 straight days of running the plant at any one time. Best to close it down to conduct repairs, clean the machines and take them apart. Three are in Cumbria, and if the GDF does wind up in this neighbourhood, the Sellafield enterprise would have come full circle. It will be finished a century or so from now. To prevent that disaster, the waste must be hauled out, the silos destroyed and the ponds filled in with soil and paved over. It would be idle to pretend that protection of people from the consequences of such an event is an exact science, or to deny that difficult compromises would be necessary between the effectiveness of precautions against radiation and hardships which these precautions themselves might cause. The countryside around is quiet, the roads deserted. The sun bounces off metal everywhere. By its own admission, it is home to one of the largest inventories of untreated waste, including 140 tonnes of civil plutonium, the largest stockpile in the world. f you take the cosmic view of Sellafield, the superannuated nuclear facility in north-west England, its story began long before the Earth took shape. The nuclear industry certainly knew about the utility of water, steel and concrete as shields against radioactivity, and by the 1970s, the US government had begun considering burying reactor waste in a GDF. At Sellafield, the rods were first cooled in ponds of water for between 90 and 250 days. The rods arrived at Sellafield by train, stored in cuboid flasks with corrugated sides, each weighing about 50 tonnes and standing 1.5 metres tall. Workers Are Dying in the EV Industrys Tainted City. In January 2015, the government sacked the private consortium that had been running the Sellafield site since 2008. Thank you for calling the BT emergency radiation leak reporting centre. Advertisement. A campaign to get public officials in the Cleveland area to attempt a week without driving didn't get many electeds to go totally car-free but it did make a powerful statement about automobile dependency that could spur change and inspire other activists to issue . Weve got folks here who joined at 18 and have been here more than 40 years, working only in this building, said Lisa Dixon, an operations manager. For three days, no one living in the area was told about the gravity of the accident, or even advised to stay indoors and shut their windows. The threat, as stated above, is of airborne radioactivity and, even in the worst case, there will be a period of hours before it arrives. Nuclear power stations have been built in 31 countries, but only six have either started building or completed construction of geological disposal facilities. Within reach, so to speak, of the humans who eventually came along circa 300,000BC, and who mined the uranium beginning in the 1500s, learned about its radioactivity in 1896 and started feeding it into their nuclear reactors 70-odd years ago, making electricity that could be relayed to their houses to run toasters and light up Christmas trees. This is Thorp, Sellafields Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant. Sellafields waste spent fuel rods, scraps of metal, radioactive liquids, a miscellany of other debris is parked in concrete silos, artificial ponds and sealed buildings. Sellafield compels this kind of gaze into the abyss of deep time because it is a place where multiple time spans some fleeting, some cosmic drift in and out of view. Dealing with all the radioactive waste left on site is a slow-motion race against time, which will last so long that even the grandchildren of those working on site will not see its end. The species that is building it, Homo sapiens, has only been around for a third of that time. At one spot, our trackers went mad. The buckets are then fed through an enclosed hole in the wall to a waiting RAPTOR master-slave robot arm encased in a box made of steel and 12mm reinforced glass. Now it needs to clean-up Sellafield houses more than 1,000 nuclear facilities on its six. Within minutes of arriving by train at the tiny, windswept Sellafield train station the photographer I visited the site with was met by armed police. NORAD shits its collective pants 3. Most of it was swarf the cladding skinned off fuel rods, broken into chunks three or four inches long. Skip No 9738 went into the map, one more hard-won addition to Sellafields knowledge of itself. The contingency planning that scientists do today the kind that wasnt done when the industry was in its infancy contends with yawning stretches of time. About 9bn years ago, tens of thousands of giant stars ran out of fuel, collapsed upon themselves, and then exploded. Neither of these things are true for BT. In 2005, in an older reprocessing plant at Sellafield, 83,000 litres of radioactive acid enough to fill a few hundred bathtubs dripped out of a ruptured pipe. Sweden has already selected its spot, Switzerland and France are trying to finalise theirs. Sellafield reprocesses and stores nearly all of Britain's nuclear waste. The salvaged waste will then be transferred to more secure buildings that will be erected on site. This was lucrative work. First, would the effects of a terrorist attack be worse than an accident? The Mountain Village in the Path of Indias Electric Dreams. Have you ever wondered what happens behind Sellafield's security fences? The day before I met Dixon, technicians had fed one final batch of spent fuel into acid and that was that, the end of reprocessing. I still get lost sometimes here, said Sanna Mustonen, a geologist with Posiva, even after all these years. After Onkalo takes in all its waste, these caverns will be sealed up to the surface with bentonite, a kind of clay that absorbs water, and that is often found in cat litter. Its the largest such hoard of plutonium in the world, but it, too, is a kind of waste, simply because nobody wants it for weapons any more, or knows what else to do with it. Dixons team was running out of spare parts that arent manufactured any more. How easy would it be to drill and blast through the 1.9bn-year-old bedrock below the site? One moment youre passing cows drowsing in pastures, with the sea winking just beyond. "It is urgent that we clean up these ponds [but] it will be decades before they are . Some plastic drums are crushed into smaller pucks, placed into bigger drums and filled with grout. The leaked liquid was estimated to contain 20 metric tons of uranium and 160kg of plutonium. In 2002 work began to make the site safe. The ceiling for now is 53bn. Like malign glitter, radioactivity gets everywhere, turning much of what it touches into nuclear waste. Then, at last, the reprocessing plant will be placed on fire watch, visited periodically to ensure nothing in the building is going up in flames, but otherwise left alone for decades for its radioactivity to dwindle, particle by particle. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. This was the Windscale fire which occurred when uranium metal fuel ignited inside Windscale Pile no.1. Hence the GDF: a terrestrial cavity to hold waste until its dangers have dried up and it becomes as benign as the surrounding rock. The disposal took place in two batches, with the first transferred from the laboratory to another location on the site and successfully and safely detonated at around 14:15 BST. I leased a beat and the song blew up, but some other artist has the exclusive rights. New forms of storage have to be devised for the waste, once its removed. One retired worker, who now lives in nearby Seascale, thought there might be a dropped fuel rod in one of the glove boxes a rumour that turned out to be false. In 1954, Lewis Strauss, the chair of the US Atomic Energy Commission, predicted that nuclear energy would make electricity too cheap to meter. The air was pure Baltic brine. Theyre all being decommissioned now, or awaiting demolition. Wealthy nations suddenly found themselves worrying about winter blackouts. But it is of over-riding importance to appreciate that the health consequences would be solely long-term, and, most importantly, that a tightly organised response, as is provided for under the Emergency Plan for Nuclear Accidents, can be highly effective in keeping these consequences to a minimum. As the nation's priorities shifted,. Sellafield houses more than 1,000 nuclear facilities on its six square kilometre site, Sellafield has its own train station, police force and fire service, Some buildings at Sellafield date back to the late-1950s when the UK was racing to build its first nuclear bomb, Low and intermediate-level radioactive waste is temporarially being stored in 50-tonne concrete blocks, Much of Sellafield's decomissioning work is done by robots to protect humans from deadly levels of radiation, The cavernous Thorp facility reprocesses spent nuclear fuel from the UK and overseas, Cumbria County Council rejected an application. In late 2021, Posiva submitted all its studies and contingency plans to the Finnish government to seek an operating license. Follow the Long Read on Twitter at @gdnlongread, listen to our podcasts here and sign up to the long read weekly email here. In certain other circumstances, their availability could, of course, be very important. Where the waste goes next is controversial. Leaked images of the ponds from 2014 show them in an alarming state of disrepair, riddled with cracks and rust. Sellafields presence, at the end of a road on the Cumbrian coast, is almost hallucinatory. When records couldnt be found, Sellafield staff conducted interviews with former employees. This would most immediately affect consumption of fresh milk from cows which had been grazing on contaminated pastures. At 100mph, a part of the locomotive exploded and the train derailed. Anywhere else, this state of temporariness might induce a mood of lax detachment, like a transit lounge to a frequent flyer. It is the essential source of information and ideas that make sense of a world in constant transformation. All of Sellafield is in a holding pattern, trying to keep waste safe until it can be consigned to the ultimate strongroom: the geological disposal facility (GDF), bored hundreds of metres into the Earths rock, a project that could cost another 53bn. In other areas of Sellafield, the levels of radiation are so extreme that no humans can ever enter. But then the pieces were left in the cell. The ground sinks and rises, so that land becomes sea and sea becomes land. They dont know how much time theyll need to mop up all the waste, or how long theyll have to store it, or what Sellafield will look like afterwards. For most of the latter half of the 20th century, one of Sellafields chief tasks was reprocessing. Its a major project, Turner said, like the Chunnel or the Olympics.. Flung out by such explosions, trillions of tonnes of uranium traversed the cold universe and wound up near our slowly materialising solar system. ", Updated 19/09/16, 16:00 - References to certain building names have been removed at the request of Sellafield, Inside Sellafield: how the UK's most dangerous nuclear site is cleaning up its act, Sellafield is home to 80% of the UK's nuclear waste and some of the world's most hazardous buildings. 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