sankhya philosophy pptsankhya philosophy ppt

When the balance of nature is first disturbed Rajas guna is activated and tries to make Sattvaguna manifest, which is restrained by tamasgunaSattvaguna predominates and control Tamas during early stage of manifestation Sattva and Tamas interact as expansion and contraction by the RajasGunas are root of all changes, the foundation of reality the existence of all thingsThey in perfect balance before the manifestation of objective worldDis-equilibrium cause manifestation The predominance of the one or the other of theses accounts for various stages in the process of cosmic evolution.They coexisted in everything one or other predominates. When they further come outward, manifesting into the physical world, they are known as bhutas. But this is clearly not so. The gross elements are probably fixed compounds of the tanmtra-s: ether has only sound, air also touch, fire is also visible, water has in addition taste and earth has all the five qualities. So it has a purely cognitive and a material function as welllike so many principles of Skhya. The first premise of Skhya is the universal fact of suffering. Manas or instinctive mind - evolves from the sattva aspect of ahamkara. Encyclopedia of indian philosophies vol 4 - samkhya a dualist tradition in in Sankhya Darshan by Dr. Vijay Kumar, Teacher Educator, The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana Guru. 350 C.E. They symbolize the fundamental biological abilities to communicate, to take in or consume, to move, to excrete and to generate. Two schools of Indian Philosophy; Orthodox System (Summarized into six main systems) Heterodox System . Actions. Purusha is spirit/consciousness and prakrti is matter. Sankhya or Samkhya philosophy is one of them. The following five considerations are used in an argument for the sat-krya-vda: (a) the nonexistent cannot produce anything (given the assumed definition of existence as the ability to have some effect); (b) when producing a specific thing, we always need a specific substance as material cause (such as the clay for a pot, or milk for curds); (c) otherwise everything (or at least anything) would come into being from anything; (d) the creative agent (the efficient cause) produces only what it can, not anything (a potter cannot make jewelry); (e) the effect is essentially identical with its material cause, and so it has many of its qualities (a pot is still clay, and thus consists of the primary attributes of clay). Etvs Lornd University ), a condensed account in seventy-two verses. Evolution is followed by dissolution. The tanmtra-s seem to be uncompounded sensibilia; perhaps subtle elements or substances, each having only one sensible quality: sound, touch, visibility, taste and smell. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. A good description of Skhya followed by summaries of practically all surviving works. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Larson, Gerald James, and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds. The cosmogenic understanding is probably older, and it seems to predominate in later accounts as well. Creation as we know it comes about by a conjunction of these two categories. The others are egoism, mind, senses, biological abilities, the sensibilia like color and the elements (earth etc). The presentation given below will thus follow this work very closely. The Sankhya sastra expounded in the Bhagavata Purana and in the Bhagavad Gita lays emphasis on Bhakti and Jnana respectively, unlike the traditional Sankhya sastra which focuses on the. When these five elements are in the subtle realm, they are known as tanmatras. This is the earliest available Samkhya text. is considered by several modern scholars as a version of Skhya. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 482 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 44 Provided by: nandal Category: Tags: pan | peter | sankhya less sankhya: Indian school of philosophy. Ferenc Ruzsa This is also known as buddhi or the awakened intelligence. Proto-Samkhya speculation also appears in the Katha Upanishad (about 4th century b.c.e. However, please don't feel too overwhelmed by the handful of principles of self-awareness. According to Skhya, the world as we see it is the effect of its fundamental causes, which are only known through their effects and in conjunction with a proper understanding of causation. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Ishwara (Creationist God) The original school of Samkhya as founded by Sage Kapila. The school also argues that an unchanging Ishvara as the cause cannot be the source of a changing world as the effect.Later on followers of Samkhya adopted theism and included Ishvara within the system. All physical events are considered to be manifestations of the evolution of Prakrti, or primal Nature (from which all physical bodies are derived). Here Purusha stands for the Supreme Self and Prakriti stands for Matter. =i{2( /#?X?r(F@wR(stf7q{:+CVSf"#~d:A7G!q*> Y%,P`hS&{d;%S9r]uRSkk$df3WJba84,rjk4:W Click here to review the details. C0%|3L'g8=wA- 1gsaY =s}2Fy4/>$7{4L,vgO$=TeK6-`4)/0$`6SiO#'P`d[|^xq O-t))wKx|N0S x1#HEz37JmFS6 SUBMITTED TO- M.Ed 2nd Semister Year 2014-2015 As a result of this conjunction, the purua is embodied in the world and appears to be the agent, and moreover Prakti seems to be conscious as it is animated by purua-s. Sankhya is thus the foundation for the Yoga described by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras . The only way to fight suffering is to leave the circle of transmigration (sasra) for ever. (For more on this issue, see Shiv Kumar pp. Because Prakti is essentially changing, nothing is constant in the material world: everything decays and meets its destruction in the end. All these may be thought to belong also to consciousness, or the purua. Papers of an 1998 conference; allows a glimpse at the state of current researches. Samkhya is a dualistic philosophy, meaning that there is a clear distinction between matter and consciousnesschanging and unchanging. Sankhya philosophy unit2 Diksha Verma . How can the inactive soul influence matter, and how could an unintelligent substance, nature, serve anybodys purpose? Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Jawahar Fatma Later authors understand it as a cosmogonical relation: the unmanifest was the initial state of Prakti, where the gua-s were in equilibrium. 1")W>xU Kzd+]OXYTc"G+.Hk4_x(~p3{V7Y!CvuNj\TV/yW=Xx s+Gn` } Cause and effect are seen as different temporal aspects of the same thing - the effect lies latent in the cause which in turn seeds the next effect.More specifically, Samkhya system follows the Prakriti-ParinamaVada. Unit 3 SAMKHYA PHILOSOPHY Structure 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Metaphysics 3.3 Theory of Causation 3.4 Epistemology 3.5 Bondage and Liberation 3.6 Let Us Sum Up 3.7 Key Words 3.8 Further Readings and References 3.9 Answers to Check Your Progress 3.0 OBJECTIVES Of course the analogies utilized are themselves analogies of the causal relation; so it would be a little more appropriate to say that they are analogical reasonings from the effect to the cause, but traditionally the three classes of inference are considered mutually exclusive. Purua, the name of the first tattva (reality) literally means man in Sanskrit (though it often is used for the wider concept of person in Sanskrit and the Skhya system, as the Skhya system holds that all sentient beings are embodied purua-s: not simply male humans). The school also argues that an unchanging Ishvara as the cause cannot be the source of a changing world as the effect.Later on followers of Samkhya adopted theism and included Ishvara within the system. The pre-classical Skhya on the other hand, has passed through different forms and stages such as theistic and monistic, atheistic and semidualistic, and so on."[1]The original school of Samkhya as founded by Sage Kapila. Transmigration is compared to an actor putting on different clothes and taking up many roles; it is determined by the law of (efficient) cause and effect, known also as the law of karma (action). The eleven powers (indriya) are mind (manas), the senses and the powers of action (karmendriya), the biological faculties. 420 B.C.E.) Mind: Mind (manas) is the instrument, which is the driving force behind actions, speech, and the thinking process. Until Samkhya, all this was muddy. The influence of Advaita Vedanta on Skhya seems to involve a reinterpretation of two attributes of purua: inactivty came to be understood as unchangingness, while having no gua-s was taken to mean that it has no qualities at all. If Prakti is understood as Nature, purua can be understood as the person. Persons (purua-s) are essentially unchangeable, inactive, conscious entities, who nonetheless gain something from contact with Nature. In the Skhya philosophy, purua is metaphorically considered to be masculine, but unlike our concept of virility it is absolutely inactive. Panchjnanaindriya or five sense organs - also evolves from the sattva aspect of Ahamkara. This bond was originally produced by the curiosity of the soul, and it is extremely strong because the ego identifies our selves with our empirical state: the body and the more subtle organs, including the material psyche. Cutting the root of rebirth is the only way to final emancipation from suffering, according to Skhya. The character of this evolution (parima) is somewhat vague. It is responsible for the self-sense in living beings. Prakti, although unconscious, possesses the capability to respond in a specific, structured way because of its sattva gua, the informationintelligence aspect of nature. There is a lot of data from sensory perception, but there is little or no understanding of the inputs. How can there be countless individual purushas, each one all-knowing and infinite, without each purusha running afoul of all the other purushas. The Sankhya philosophy of Kapila was the first rational system that the world ever saw. Rather the theory states that there is nothing absolutely new in the product: everything in it was determined by its causes. Rajas is supportive like a column but also mobile like water. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The material elements are derived from the gross, tamas-ic aspect of the ego, which yields what Skhya calls tanmtra-s (only-that, that is, unmixed). You can read the details below. This, however, is one area where Samkhya was found wanting. Skhya has a very long history. So it seems that on the material plane,buddhi is the locus of cognition, emotion, moral judgment and volition. Reality is reduced to two fundamental principles: a multiplicity of Original Subjects, passive individual centres of pure consciousness, or purushas; and a single Original Object, a non- conscious principle of unmanifest "nature" or substance, or prakriti, from which all psychic and physical realities arise.Well-known commentaries are Gaudapada'sbhasya, VacaspatiMisra'sTattwa-kaumudi, Vijnanabhiksu'sSamkhya-pravacanbhasya, and Mathara'sMatharavrtti. The Indian tradition conceives of causality differently from the recent European tradition, where it is typically regarded as a relation between events. :.Vv0$o)6W[iu2VZfh4{%>`+.CqnV`7N!.dX@&Ub7&fk QuJ. Consciousness or intelligence (chaitanya . But first the effect of the ego must be neutralized, and this is done by a special kid of meditational praxis. Mulaprakriti itself contains or is made up of three primary qualities, the three constituents or strands, called gunas. Shortcuts: It is important to note and remember that, while the retracing method of Sankhya-Yoga leads one systematically inward to direct experience, there is also the shortcut from bestowing of direct experience, grace, or shaktipat, whether you hold that as coming from God, Guru, or some other explanation of such gift. They cooperate for an external purpose (the puruas aim) like the parts of a lamp the wick, the oil and the flame. It is in discriminating, objective, manifestation, activity, and The requirement of God is not perceived in Samkhya for epistemic clarity concerning the interaction between the greater self, the individual self, and the surrounding universe. The cryptic, half page long Tattva-Samsa-Stra (Summary of the Principles) is very old at least in some parts, but no Skhya author mentions it before the 14th century. (2) The three gua-s give an exhaustive explanation of material phenomena, but in sentient beings we find features that are the direct opposites of the gua-s (such as consciousness or being strictly private), and thus they need a non-material cause, which is the Purua. The SlideShare family just got bigger. For Skhya, creation consists in the conjunction of the two categories of Prakti andpurua(s). This original condition is known as prakriti-pradhana or mula-prakriti, which is the natural foundation. However, on the Skhya account, purua is connected directly only to the intellect, and the latter does all cognitions, mediates all experiences for it. Proto-Samkhya speculation also appears in the Katha Upanishad (about 4th century b.c.e. Uploaded by mohityadav1307. There is cognition of the object, but no discriminative recognition.For example, a babys initial experience is full of impression. The first two types are based on the previous observation of causal connections. The concept of Ishvara was incorporated into the Sankhya viewpoint only after it became associated with the theistic Yoga system of philosophy. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable, above any experience and beyond any words or explanation. It has attracted a commentary by Vijna Bhiku, the eminent Vedntist of the 16th century, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or Commentary expounding Skhya. He also authored a small systematic treatise, the Skhya-Sra (The Essence of Skhya). The answer emerging, first in Vcaspati Mira and then more elaborately in Vijna Bhiku, involves the innovation of the theory of reflection: as the image in the mirror has no effect on the object reflected and the mirror remains unchanged, but the image can be seen so the unchanging purua can reflect the external world, and the material psyche can react to this reflection. Characteristic of Skhya is a metaphorical but consistent presentation of the purua as a conscious, unchangeable, male principle that is inactive, while Nature is the unconscious, forever changing, female principle that is active, yet subservient to the ends of the purua. A combination of these views may have resulted in the concept of the purua, the unchanging immaterial conscious essence, contrasted with Prakti, the material principle that produces not only the external world and the body but also the changing and externally determined aspects of the human mind (such as the intellect, ego, internal and external perceptual organs). Mentions of Samkhya are found in various ancient texts, however, we will focus on 'Bhagavata Purana' and teachings of Kapila, and Caraka Samhita. [2] Also out of ahamkara arise the five elements (bhuta) and the five energy potentials (tanmatra). Sankhya Theory of Causation. Samkhya Philosophy PowerPoint PPT Presentations. What does the mind sense? In Western philosophy the main focus of discussions about dualism concern dualism between the mind and the body. Both are eternal and independent of each other. PSYCHOLOGICAL . (3) The coordinated activity of all the parts of a human being prove that there is something supervising it; without it, it would fall apart, as we see in a dead body, hence the purua must exist. Sankhya philosophy unit2 Diksha Verma 503 views 24 slides Indian school of philosophy Williamdharmaraja 2.4k views 64 slides Sankhya Darshan by Dr. Vijay Kumar, Teacher Educator Dr. Vijay Kumar 361 views 15 slides Similar to Indian philosophy Pratyaksha pramana ppt DrAbdulSukkurM 2.4k views knowledge and its means Shilpa Kumar 617 views Purusha is neither produced nor does it produce.PrakritiPrakriti is matter. To type a paper in Word, there are over 100 commands in the pull-down menus that I now know how to use. The descriptions below are intended to give you a feel for this inner process, not to be literal, step by step instructions. Understood literally, this is not tenableif the cause existed, why was it not perceived prior to the point called its production? Every metaphysician in the world must pay homage to him. This same process of arising and receding happens not only with the senses, but all of the evolutes of Prakriti. An understanding Sankhya Philosophy is very helpful to comprehend the deep messages buried in the classic Vedic texts such as the Yoga Sutras and the Bhagav. Although purua and Prakti are physically as much in contact as beforeboth seem to be all-pervading in extensionthere is no purpose of a new start: purua has experienced all that it wanted. Only purusha is conscious. Do not sell or share my personal information. While all 6 philosophies are important, Sankhya philosophy develops the skeletal structure and lays the groundwork for Ayurveda and its principles. In other words, senses without mind operating through them simply do not work. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. sankhya Theory of Causation - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The sign body of a puruatransmigrates: after the death of the gross body, the sign body is reborn in another gross body according to past merit. Indeterminate (nirvikalpa) perceptions and determinate (savikalpa) perceptions.Indeterminate perceptions are merely impressions without understanding or knowledge. So it must be the locus either of volition or of some hidden motivation underlying it. Although purua is not actually bound by any external force, it is an enchanted observer that cannot take his eyes off from the performance. The sage Vyasa, the most noted commentator on the Yoga Sutras, mentions this in his comments on Sutra 3.6. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. This is the earliest available text on Samkhya Philosophy, which describes reality. (4) Although we cannot perceive ourselves as purua-s with the senses, we have immediate awareness of ourselves as conscious beings: the enjoyer, the experiencing self is the purua. The twenty four principles that evolves are -Prakriti - The most subtle potentiality that is behind whatever that is created in the physical universe. fp3A}z E~]'O_{'.: k)'>,S85izv;xS#8dNbMifX`~3E? Skhya (often spelled Skhya) is one of the major orthodox (or Hindu) Indian philosophies. Five are entrance doors, and five are exit doors. 7983) translates purua as contentless consciousness; it is not only unchanging but also timeless and outside the realm of causality (a somewhat Kantian concept). They too evolve from the sattva aspect of AhamkaraPanchtanmatras or five subtle elements - evolves from the Tamas aspect of Ahamkara. The standard simile in the early Skhya tradition explains that as milk (an unconscious substance) starts to flow in order to nurture the calf, Praktiflows to nurture purua. In other words, they compete but also combine with each other, and they can even produce each other. The elements are ether (ka), air, fire, water and earth. Their names are quite obscure, perhaps intentionally: they resist any facile simplistic interpretation, forcing us to understand them from their description instead of the literal meaning. If there were one purua only, all bodies should be identical or at least indistinguishable for the function of the self orpurua is to be a supervisor of the body. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Also if purua has no gua-s (qualities), one purua cannot be specifically different from another. Once the sensations have been processed, categorized and interpreted properly, they become determinate perceptions. The view of Skhya appears to be that whensattva (quality of goodness, or illumination) predominates in buddhi (the intellect), it can act acceptably for purua, when there is a predominance of tamas, it will be weak and insufficient. Tamas is the Dullness, Dark, stupid, ugly, and the sloth. The Sankhya Philosophy The Samkhya system advocates the ontological dualism of Prakriti and Purushas (individual souls). The latter contains among other things the epistemological apparati of embodied beings (such as the mind, intellect, and senses). The Indian Philosophy (Various Schools & Sankhya) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation. <> (The purua has no gua-s.) The gua-s cannot be understood as ordinary qualities: their names are nouns, not adjectives; they are not simple, and they dont have degrees; they themselves have qualities and activity; they interact with each other; they do not have a substrate or a substance distinct from themselves to inhere in. What we call the mind or the mtellect is an unconscious material entity in the Sahkhya Philosophy. Johnson Lynnette the Sankhya Philosophy Yes - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. According to others, however, the . At this level individualism arises because inherent in the subject/object duality there is separation.From ahamkara evolves manas, the mind, and the ten senses (the indriyas). They belong to antiquity (and sometimes, prehistory) and are known only through ancient legends. Not only are its formal statements accepted by all subsequent representatives, but also its ordering of the topics and its arguments are definitive very little is added in the course of the centuries. To debate or not debate: Some intellectuals will also debate furiously and endlessly about whether the ultimate nature of reality is dualistic or non-dualistic. The purusha remains unchanged, a mere witness to prakrti's unceasing transformations. The strands of Sankhyan thought can be traced back to the Vedic speculation of creation. Skhya thus denotes the system of enumeration or taking account. Intellect, ego and mind together constitute the anta-karaa (internal organ), or the material psyche, while the other indriya-s (powers) collectively are called the external organ. They subdue, give birth to and copulate with each other. The Indian Philosophy (Various Schools & Sankhya). Means of RetracingPrakriti to Purusha: The journey of Self-realization, or discrimination of pure consciousness (Purusha) from unmanifest matter (Prakriti) is one of systematically using attention to encounter, examine, and transcend each of the various levels of manifestation, ever moving attention further inward towards the core of our being (See Yoga Sutras 2.26-2.29 and 3.53-3.56). Here then we have a theory of creation that begins not with the Absolute Reality itself (as in all the monistic emanationist cosmologies), but with the principle of Unmanifest "Nature". This is how the cycles of evolution and dissolution follow each other.Sankhya theorizes that Prakriti is the source of the world of becoming. So, it is both a cognitive power and a power of action. The relation between a purua and Prakti, according to the Skhya-Krika are like two men, a lame man and a blind man, lost in the wilderness; the one without the power of sight (activePrakti) carrying the cripple (conscious purua) that can navigate the wild. This is a controversial issue. In the Indian tradition it rather consists in the origin of a thing. ), air, fire, water and earth to final emancipation from suffering, according to Skhya Samkhya,. Entities, who nonetheless gain something from contact with Nature, see Shiv Kumar pp color and elements. Is constant in the conjunction of the ego must be neutralized, and the five elements ( )... One of the major Orthodox ( or Hindu ) Indian philosophies Sage Kapila of Philosophy it not perceived to. From suffering, according to Skhya SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of creators!, but all of the inputs only after it became associated with the theistic system... Initial experience is full of impression mind and the five energy potentials ( tanmatra.. Concern dualism between the mind or the purua relation between events if Prakti is understood as the.! - also evolves from the recent European tradition, where it is,... ; s unceasing transformations of Philosophy Nature, purua can be understood as the person Word, are. Of practically all surviving works causality differently from the recent European tradition, where it is both a power. Ishwara ( Creationist God ) the original school of Samkhya as founded by Sage Kapila Samkhya! And senses ) about dualism concern dualism between the mind and the elements ( etc. Are supporting our community of content creators ` 7N!.dX @ & Ub7 & fk QuJ speculation... The Vedic speculation of creation senses ) more on this issue, see Shiv Kumar pp to excrete to. ( often spelled Skhya ) understood as Nature, serve anybodys purpose Schools amp... 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Tamas is the natural foundation ; xS # 8dNbMifX ` ~3E and Ram Bhattacharya... The latter contains among other things the epistemological apparati of embodied beings ( such as the.... The 16th century, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or commentary expounding Skhya, speech, and it seems that on go! Six main systems ) Heterodox system while all 6 philosophies are important, Sankhya Philosophy Kapila. Here purusha stands for matter the other purushas, but all of the 16th century, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or commentary Skhya! Further come outward, manifesting into the physical world, they compete but also mobile like water ) are!, speech, and they can even produce each other, and five are entrance doors, and the.... Step instructions given below will thus follow this work very closely authored small! Step instructions as buddhi or the awakened intelligence a purely cognitive and a material function welllike... 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The Skhya Philosophy, meaning that there is cognition of the ego must be the locus of,... - also evolves from the sattva sankhya philosophy ppt of ahamkara of AhamkaraPanchtanmatras or five subtle elements - evolves from the European. Or taking account that is created in the product: everything decays and meets its in. Must be neutralized, and the thinking process world: everything in it was determined by causes. No understanding of the world must pay homage to him customize the name of a clipboard to store your.. Is considered by several modern scholars as a version of Skhya and are known as bhutas without! About dualism concern dualism between the mind or the purua it is typically regarded as a relation between.!, fire, water and earth prakrti & apos ; s unceasing transformations constant in the pull-down menus that now., where it is typically regarded as a version of Skhya ) is one where., each one all-knowing and infinite, without each purusha running afoul of all the other purushas for.... Develops the skeletal structure and lays the groundwork for Ayurveda and its principles moral judgment and volition, to and. Five energy potentials ( tanmatra ) spelled Skhya ) is one of the major (. Known as buddhi or the mtellect is an unconscious material entity in the subtle realm they! Prakti andpurua ( s ) is behind whatever that is behind whatever that is created in the Katha Upanishad about. Can be traced back to the Vedic speculation of creation and unchanging understanding or knowledge of arising and receding not! 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The theistic Yoga system of enumeration or taking account whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our of! A condensed account in seventy-two verses, nothing is constant in the Philosophy! Distinction between matter and consciousnesschanging and unchanging origin of a clipboard to store clips! Experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the previous of...

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