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When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He valued his anonymity, but never changed his name from Philby. Harry George Philby Birth. The double spys fourth wife and widow, Rufina Philby, told the paper that her British husband, whom she married in 1971, eight years after his defection, was disappointed about some of what he saw in the USSR. [74] When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block Philby's defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. [5], Kim Philby, memorandum in Security Service Archives (1963). By IAN ALLEN | intelNews.org | Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. But for intelligence history aficionados it marked the 50th anniversary of the escape to Moscow of notorious double spy Harold Adrian Russell Philby. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. One historian said his work for the Soviets was ''beyond price''. But though his love affair with the cause never wavered, his love affair with Melinda did. [81] In the book, Philby says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest". Harry St John Philby was devastated to not become the first westerner to cross the Empty Quarter. She was an object of both pity and fascination, and to get away from it all, she moved from their house on the Kent-Surrey border to Switzerland, with her mother. Matthew Tomkinson / Heart of Arabia Expedition. A plaque in his honour was. "Kim" Philby, history, interviews, KGB, MI6, News, NKVD, Rufina Pukhova-Philby, UK, USSR. [43][pageneeded] Clearly there had been leaks and Philby was later suspected as one of the leakers. [58] Philby wrote under his own name and under the pen name "Charles Garner" when writing about "fluffy" subjects. H. Saint John Philby, in full Harry Saint John Bridger Philby, (born April 3, 1885, Saint Johns, Badula, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka]died September 30, 1960, Beirut, Lebanon), British explorer and Arabist, the first European to cross the Rub al-Khali, or Empty Quarter, of Arabia from east to west. Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. BROWN:: St. John Philby was born in Ceylon, then a part of the British Empire, very typically English ruling-class family, military background, senior military appointments and one of the colonists who went out to build the coffee industry in Ceylon at the turn of the century.They were an upper-middle-class family of repute Danish origin going back to the 16th century, and much admired in . It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Centre. [65] Nicholas Elliott, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure Philby's full confession. Will former US government informant face terror charges inIndia. Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. Fergie is horrified that [Donald] might have done something wrong at the office and the FO will be very angry when he returns. Maclean accused Philby of being a double agent working for the British and they stopped speaking. He did a lot with us., Philby was sent to Beirut in 1956 to work for The Observer, leaving his children in London, after being. Hed been worried about leaving her and their children to carry on without him, but shed given him the all-clear to go. His wife Eleanor joined him in Moscow, and the Philbys and the Macleans spent a lot of time together, going to the ballet or just having dinner and playing bridge. Eventually, Tommy visited Kim five times in Moscow in the 1970s. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Source for information on Philby, Harry St. John Bridger: The Columbia . He was paid 500 roubles a month (the average Soviet salary in 1960 was Rbls80.60 a month and Rbls122 in 1970)[76][77] and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. The son, too, embraced left-wing politics and joined the Young Socialists when he was 17, after he enrolled at the Hornsey School of Art to study painting and sculpture. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. 14:46 GMT 17 Apr 2018, For 15 years, British diplomat Donald Maclean was passing state secrets to his KGB masters. Philby was thus able to evade blame and detection. By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. [27] His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section[28] was soon absorbed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the summer of 1940. The boys told a child they met on a beach that the photos he had taken could not be forwarded to them as we are going away and we dont know where we are going. But unlike his notorious father, who was hailed a hero in the Soviet Union and buried with full honours, Philby jnr led a low-profile life, and ran his own successful joinery business from a workshop near King's Cross in north London. [47] His dissolution had a troubling effect on Philby; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "Kim and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. the title escapes me at the moment. Then, with no more information to be had, the story of the Macleans went dead. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating their confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at Moscow Central in the Lubyanka, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the telegrams much later in the KGB archives. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. Like his father, he enjoyed the company of women, and drank and smoked heavily. His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same fate two years later during the purges. Philby died in the city in 1988, 25 years after defecting to the Soviet Union, where he was employed as an occasional consultant to the KGB helping to prepare spies for missions to the west. "[59] Following this, Philby gave a press conference in whichcalmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhoodhe reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist. Barclay reported the complaint to London. Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" Philby died of heart failure in Moscow in 1988. In 1968, she returned to Maclean. However, Pukhova said the fear that she would leave had helped her husband temper his intake in later years. It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart herself, at this time, a Soviet agent who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence. Pierre-Charles Path. His cover story was that he was a political migr, a trade union leader persecuted in England for his political views. From 1952, Philby struggled to find work as a journalist, eventuallyin August 1954accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the Fleet Street Letter. Jun 27, 2019. J. Edgar Hoover complained that Burgess used British Embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of homosexual encounters. [11][pageneeded], In July 1939, Philby returned to The Times office in London. [58] He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965. [citation needed] It later emerged that the agentknown as Schmidthad also worked as an informant for the Rote Kapelle organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. He claimed he made the admission to her to excuse his lateness for their meetings when he was busy handling documents and rendezvousing with his Soviet handler. In January 1963, having finally been unmasked as a Soviet agent, Philby defected to Moscow, where he lived until his death in 1988. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? He would say we and our when speaking of the Soviet Union and defended his adopted countrys brutal crushing of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 an event that disgusted many Left-wing supporters back in the UK. How? He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler took and photographed them overnight. While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with James Jesus Angleton, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. He was very good when he was around. Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in the UK in 1968 under the title My Silent War; they were not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. I dont accept Philbys excuses. He was a man of considerable cultural background. Melinda, it turned out, had driven to Lausanne, where tickets were waiting and luggage had been left in a station locker. Maclean bequeathed Blake his library of books, including Trollope, Macaulay's History of England, Morley's Life of Gladstone, and the Macmillan and Eden memoirs. [11][pageneeded]. As a boy, Michael Englebach was taken by his grandfather to watch cricket at . He needed a secret sharer in his life as well as someone to admire him. She hoped Donald would now find a way of getting in touch with her. Kim Philby drank while Guy Burgess, who was gay, missed his friends in London, including Anthony Blunt whose spying activities, though known to the government, were kept under wraps until they were exposed much later, in 1979. "It was winter and we were going out for a walk and I found one of my boots had disappeared. "[23], Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946.[41]. A few days after her return to Switzerland, she told her mother she had run into an old friend in the local market and hed invited her and the children to stay with him for the weekend in his villa at the other end of Lake Geneva. Harry George Philby (Q96086099) No description defined edit Statements instance of human 0 references sex or gender male 1 reference given name Harry 0 references date of birth 1950 1 reference father Kim Philby 1 reference mother Aileen Amanda Furse 1 reference sibling Dudley Thomas Philby 1 reference John David Philby 1 reference In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. In the same interview, she confirmed that Philby was a heavy drinker when they first met, but later became sober. Although she would be left pitied, even censured, and alone in a country in which she had spent barely one-tenth of her life, it might be better that he should be free to live a new life in Moscow than spend a decade behind bars. Most intelligence historians believe that Philby was almost single-handedly responsible for the deaths of dozens even hundreds of Western intelligence officers and agents who perished during the Cold War while on missions in the USSR and Eastern Europe. [58] Another meeting was scheduled to take place in the last week of January. "[20], In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". [85], Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's Active Measures Department churning out fabricated documents. There, a porter recalled taking their luggage to a waiting car with Salzburg number plates which drove off towards Vienna. I liked her determination. On the 50th anniversary of Philbys defection to Moscow, British newspaper The Daily Telegraph carried an article with excerpts of interviews with one of Philbys sons, Dudley Thomas Philby, and his Russian widow, Rufina Pukhova Philby. Philby resigned from MI6 in July 1951. Philby was of course not a double spy or a double agent. The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. With his brilliant mind and First from Cambridge, Maclean could bask in being the superior intellect to an under-educated, attractive woman who was both affectionate and popular, where he was withdrawn, giving nothing of himself away. Journalist Ben Macintyre, author of several works on espionage, speculated that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in Crowborough while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. For most of us, January 23, 2013, was a day like any other. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A specialized intelligence website written by experts, since 2008. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? He told The Telegraph that he personally did not agree with his fathers political views, but added: he was what he was, what could I do?. He was 65. I replied 100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. Harry St John Bridger Philby Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) (3 April 1885, Badulla, British Ceylon - 30 September 1960, Beirut, Lebanon), also known as Jack Philby or Sheikh Abdullah ( ), was a British Arabist, adviser, explorer, writer, and colonial office intelligence officer. [3], Secret files released to the National Archives in late 2020 indicated that the UK government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevent the publication of his memoirs, according to a report by The Guardian. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism".[80]. there is a new book on the shelves, a fictional account of philby and his recruitment when he went to vienna austria, then returning to Britain to carry out his duties. He joined (1917) the British foreign service, was sent on a special mission to Arabia, and became the first European to visit the southern provinces of the Nejd. "His alcoholism was suicide," she told the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper. Colonel Redl from the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to WW1 probably was a more devastating spy. Philbys defection sent ripples of shock across Western intelligence and is often described as one of the most dramatic moments of the Cold War. To the frequent question, ''No relation, I hope? In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. Sister of Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby; Diana Mary Bridger Philby and Helena Verna Philby. "I said something to the escort and he just stayed silent, sitting, leafing through his magazine. In 1955, a botched investigation formally cleared him of spying for the Soviets but, shortly before being reinterviewed by British intelligence in 1963, Philby snr defected to Moscow. [90] Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, SE1 9GF. For some 30 years he was an adviser to King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. Wages and incomes of the population. Alamy. "He once even said that it was the easiest way to bring life to an end. Harry had 6 siblings: Mary B Philby, Kathleen V Philby and 4 other siblings. [49] Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. [3], On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British Embassy. "If he continued drinking, he got inebriated quickly and changed in front of your eyes," she said. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused their deaths, I have no regrets. Donald refused to become part of the twilight brigade community of defectors, down-at-heel, disillusioned and wondering how they had got there. Angleton remained suspicious of Philby, but lunched with him every week in Washington. Later, realising that he lacked the talent to be a professional painter, Philby worked briefly as a freelance newspaper photographer before taking up joinery. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or US State Department documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. That summer, friends thought her distracted. Philby, though, began seeing Melinda on the side, confessing as much to his wife and saying that he was just trying to make [Melindas] life happier as she had been miserable for the last 15 years. [11][pageneeded] Following the Austrofascist victory in the Austrian Civil War, Philby and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. [54][61] There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. John Philby, who has died aged 65, was the eldest son of the Russian spy Kim Philby, unmasked in 1963 as a double agent and the notorious Third Man in the Cambridge spy ring of the 1930s. They lived together for three years, until a younger woman caught the philandering Philbys eye. Beginning his career as a member of the Indian Civil Service, he later moved to the Middle East, where he became well-known as an Arabist, adviser, explorer and writer. [34], During 194243, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. He was tall and fair; she was slight with curly, dark hair. He was known to have been friends with the brazenly gay and immoderate Burgess, who had lived for a time in Philby's house on Nebraska Avenue in Washington. And he kept his word to the end." [64], In 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn, a major in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, defected to the United States from his diplomatic post in Helsinki. He is widely considered history's most successful double spy. The difference between the two concepts is important, as the information position of the two categories is rather different. Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of Philby when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. He reported to the Soviet NKVD from the Spanish civil war under the guise of a correspondent for the Times, and in 1940 joined the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or MI6), becoming a double agent and passing many secrets to the Kremlin. [10], Philby acted as a courier between Vienna and Prague, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining 75 and using his British passport to evade suspicion. ", His habit was fuelled by his sorrow over what he saw around him, she added. I knew what I wanted to know and that was the end of the affair. Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack Gibraltar. In December 1937, during the Battle of Teruel, a Republican shell hit just in front of the car in which Philby was travelling with the correspondents Edward J. Neil of the Associated Press, Bradish Johnson of Newsweek, and Ernest Sheepshanks[21] of Reuters. [63] From 1960, Philby's formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen. Burgess was arrested in September for drunken driving and was subsequently fired,[29] while Philby was appointed as an instructor on clandestine propaganda at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu[30][pageneeded] in Beaulieu, Hampshire. He never promised to give up, but once, completely unexpectedly, he suddenly said, 'I'm afraid I'm going to lose you, I'm not going to drink any more.' ''His boozy amours, his tough postures, his intelligence expertise, are directly related to the same characteristics in (Ian) Fleming's hero. Lipton later withdrew his comments. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. When her brother-in-law, Alan Maclean, asked her whether she would join Donald if she knew for sure that he was behind the Iron Curtain, she gave a firm No. [58] This retraction came about when Philby was officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan on 7 November. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back". Eventually, Melinda went back to her home country, the U.S., bringing to an end nearly 40 years of endurance, loyalty and betrayal. In his early teens, he spent some time with the Bedouin in the desert of Saudi Arabia. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. [5] He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. The intercepted messages revealed that the British Embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to New York City to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. n ADAPTED from A Spy Named Orphan by Roland Philipps, to be published by The Bodley Head on April 26 at 20. And here he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. Even after Philby's departure from MI6, speculation[who?] To protect his family, still living in the USSR, Orlov said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). death death: 1988-05-11. manner of death: Natural Causes cause of death: Myocardial Infarction. We searched every corner until Kim suddenly struck himself on the head with his hand, went to a cupboard and brought back the boot. Death: Immediate Family: Daughter of St John Philby and Dora Philby. In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. [22][23], Alexander Orlov (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in Madrid, who had once met him in Perpignan, France, also defected. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting: A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. Maclean seemed totally at one with Soviet ways and believed to his death that the USSR and its new society has a much better prospect than the old of overcoming the major ills and injustices of our civilisation. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. The comments below have not been moderated, By On 25 October 1955, following revelations in The New York Times, Labour MP Marcus Lipton used parliamentary privilege to ask Prime Minister Anthony Eden if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr Harold Philby"[57] This was reported in the British press, leading Philby to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside Parliament. But it was resumed a few months later, when he received a letter from his father in Moscow. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. [11][pageneeded] Philby's Soviet controller at the time, Theodore Maly, reported in April 1937 to the NKVD that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". The KGB would stamp the documents "top secret" and begin their circulation. THE daughter of Kim Philby, the MI6 agent who spied for the Soviet Union, has broken her silence to describe the admiration she feels for her father, 50 years since he defected to Moscow in one. [9][pageneeded]. From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. They had access to the special shops reserved for the Soviet elite, and were able to import canned goods and drinks from Denmark. Burgess' defection to Moscow with Maclean in 1951 cast suspicion on Philby snr. 'in Russian", "The Cambridge Spies' West Hampstead connection", "Kim Philby: new revelations about spy emerge in secret files", "Spies Philby's widow tells of an Englishman's life in exile", "Moscow square named after notorious British double agent Kim Philby", "A Cold War Mystery: Was the Soviet Mole Kim Philby a Double Agent or a Triple Agent? In a written statement, they admitted they had been Communists since their Cambridge days and disingenuously described themselves as political refugees, not spies. We retrace the steps of the vast desert's earliest western adventurers and uncover tales of rivalry, stealth and concern for the future of the Bedouin. The man described himself as Otto. PHILBY GB165-0229 Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. [17], In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda. 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Down to the extent that I helped defeat them, even If it caused deaths! St John Philby and Dora Philby July 1939, Philby had begun an affair with Eleanor Brewer the! Bedouin in the same fate two years later during the summer of,. Measures Department churning out fabricated documents come back '' former US government informant face terror charges inIndia three... Children to carry on without him, she added information to be,. Was suicide, '' she told the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper an adviser to Ibn!, to be published by the Bodley Head on April 26 at 20 [ pageneeded ], Philby work. With the cause never wavered, his love affair with the Bedouin in the early 1970s in the early in.

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