Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. Although 55 million is more than 40 million, the worlds population in the thirteenth century was only one-seventh its population during the World War II period. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families 1 ) . "Surprisingly, the civilians within the conflict . Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. . Tirman, J. Around the globe, US military bases generate resentment, not security. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. The issues and problems discussed so far in this chapter concern the nation's elementary and secondary schools in view of their critical importance for tens of millions of children and for the nation's social and economic well-being. The Nation. (1999). McKeeby, D. (2008, February 25). In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. As this brief discussion suggests, US veterans have many unmet needs. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . This latter fact needs some explanation. We call them social issues when they start negatively impacting a specific group of people. Washington, DC: Author. The United States has been at war in one-fifth of the years it has existed (Bumiller, 2010). Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. Some relevant global social problems include income inequality (poverty), corruption, the rise in authoritarianism (erosion of democratic values), criminality, unsustainable development, and bullying in schools. New York, NY: Routledge. A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010). The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. Rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment in the military: The quick facts. An Associated Press photo of her running naked and screaming with burns after her village was napalmed was one of the most memorable photos of that war. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. As a historian summarized this connection, By the end of the war, labors wartime mobilization and participation had increased its relative power within European societies. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. The Union of Concerned Scientists (2009) summarizes their danger bluntly: Nuclear weapons remain the greatest and most immediate threat to human civilization. However more peaceful the world is today, it could easily end at any moment. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. New York Times, p. WK3. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Time. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. National Priorities Project. Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation and Inequality, Chapter 15: Population and the Environment, Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars, http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm, http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51817_ BAGHDAD_-_Iraqi_Soldiers,_with_the_6th_IA_Division,_ familiarize_themselves_with_their_targets_and_prepare_ for_a_PKC_machine_gun_range_at_Combat _Outpost_402,_here,_Sept._28._In_addition_to_ marksmanship.jpg, Chapter 15 Population and the Environment, Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv, http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find, http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories, http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989, http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html, http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html, http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html, http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf, http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/, http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html, http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131, http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html, http://costofwar.com/en/tradeoffs/state/CA/program/11/tradeoff/0, http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html, http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf, http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html, http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security, http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823, https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf, http://www.thenation.com/blog/165487/job-numbers-are-veterans-are-left-behind, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Source: First F-35C Flight, Wikipedia, Last modified on November 20, 2011, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv. Each submarine is projected to cost more than $8 billion to build and another $21 billion in constant dollars in operation and maintenance costs over its lifetime (Castelli, 2012). The Times-Leader. and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Collection Social Science Space is curating resources and publications relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the global response to the aggression, the humanitarian crisis unfolding as a result, and what steps toward an end to the violence are available. Feb 2, 2023. When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). While the film is in Japanese, its simple yet challenging message applies to all of us: We will never truly be able to address the problem of poverty when so much of society looks at being poor as . They suffer terrible physical and mental wounds that can maim them for life (Dao, 2012). Theyre in good shape for the shape theyre in, Sources: Ledbetter, 2011; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. 29/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 24 Hours. napalm sticks to kids. Each F-35 costs about $300 million. ABC News. For example, it would be difficult for us as a society to work on natural science and engineering problems such as batteries, vaccines, etc., if we did not have a civil society, a functioning banking system, universal education, safe streets, etc.and all of these are social problems, not natural science problems. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program. This episode of the Social Science of War podcast examines the challenges posed by cyber . The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). McGovern, G. (2011). Nuclear weapons overview. Speier, J. CNN.com. More than 85 articles were downloaded, and of these, 53 articles were selected by considering relatedness, reputability of the journal, and pattern of writing and analyzed accordingly. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. 147 Social Studies Topics for Your Research Project. Marcum has joined a growing community of spouses, parents and partners who, confronted with damaged loved ones returning from war who can no longer do for themselves, drop most everything in their own lives to care for them. For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. Where do our income tax dollars go. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. New York Times, p. B4. In 2010, the US official military budget (defense outlays only) was $698 billion. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. Tirman (2012, p. 107) writes, Surviving Koreans from the onslaught described in detail the chaotic panic they experienced; having believed the Americans were protecting them, they then saw the U.S. troops fire indiscriminately at men, women, and children at the scene. At the end of the three days, about four hundred civilians lay dead. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. Children of deployed troops struggle, study finds. Despite this need, research on sexual assault in the military was scant before the early 2000s. American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. In this manner, a genetic tendency for physical aggression and warfare developed and thus still exists today. This page houses a range of articles that address the intersection of people and change today with issues such as technological advancement, diversity, equity and inclusion, climate change, underrepresentation and research methodology improvements constantly taking shape today. Historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war. The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. Social research can help solve them. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. A kid walked up to me and said, Your dads a baby killer. I didnt handle that well. (2011, November 11). Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html. New York Times, p. A1. 4 Units. Quality and affordable writing services. Arias, O. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Retrieved from http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html. The trend continued in 2013, when we funded seven projects. More than 20,000 nuclear warheads now exist; 4,800 are operational and almost 2,000 (held by the United States and Russia) are on high alert, ready to be used at any time (Federation of American Scientists, 2011). Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). Pinker, S. (2012). Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. Recall that when weather disasters and other environmental changes cause drought and other problems, crops and other resources become scarcer. Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. Worrell, M. P. (2011). Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. (2012). Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. By far, the most significant issue was poor leadership; 28% of . Want to create or adapt books like this? Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. (2009). Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question Women veterans say that when they do report rape and sexual assault, military officials typically either blame them for what happened, ignore the crime altogether, or give the offender a very mild punishment such as not being allowed to leave a military base for a short period. Very few studies include men in their surveys, but one study reported a 3 percent rate of sexual assault victimization for men while they were in the military. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). This is the longest peace in recorded history by far. Reflecting on these findings, an author of the study said, Its really time to focus on the children that are left behind (Ashton, 2011). The Washington Post, p. B01. War is a social phenomenon in which a mixture of motives underlies decisions to go to war. Vaccine At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was introduced to the world. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. Epistemologically, scientific realism is (say, mainly) based on the idea that we generate theoretical entities to understand, describe, and discover a structure . Third, most people are not violent, and most soldiers have to be resocialized (in boot camp or its equivalent) to overcome their deep moral convictions against killing. The deaths of others: The fate of civilians in Americas wars. (2011). When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. Question. The cause for despair is twofold. New York Times, June 23, p. A19. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). Do we care when civilians die in war? Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. Answer (1 of 10): Brief answer: The principles of social science have to be the same as natural science --- natural laws. We both wound up suspended for that one (Ashton, 2011). Military spending: A poor job creator. Washington rules: Americas path to permanent war. The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. (2012, February 8). Families of deployed troops also face many difficulties. The American Civil War, also called the War Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later. Veterans in History and Society. Explores key concepts, issues, and trends in the interdisciplinary field of veterans studies. There is the natural fear that loved ones will never return from their overseas involvement in armed conflict. We need to confront them to ensure equal treatment for everyone. Since 1993, US armed forces have waged war in Iraq and in Afghanistan and also joined international military operations in such countries as Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Libya. (2011). Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Tirman, J. Hartung, W. D. (2012). ABC News. Women veterans who have been raped or sexually assaulted also have higher rates of drug abuse, unemployment, and homelessness. Because it took place in Iraq, many more Iraqis than Americans died or were wounded, and the war certainly affected Iraqi societyits infrastructure, economy, natural resources, and so forthfar more than it affected American society. (2012). The United States, of course, began with the colonial war against England. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. Social science issues related to war. When the war began, a sort of truce developed between management and labor, as workers wanted to appear patriotic by supporting the war effort and hoped that they would win important labor rights for doing so. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. Veterans with PTSD often end up with problems in their marriages or other relationships and are more likely to commit violence against their spouses or partners. The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). Social Science Sociology Question Identify two social science issues related to war. But not all civilians are affected equally. Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). Our nations failure to meet their needs is shameful. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its Acting out wars inner wounds. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. US veterans: By the numbers. Between 1861 and 1865, at least 618,000 and perhaps as many as 750,000 soldiers in both the Union and the Confederacy died on the battlefield or from disease. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. Reflecting this decline, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the past century than in earlier eras. . Identify two social science issues related to war. War Resisters League. Obamas defense cuts are a drop in the bucket. The Nation. To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. DOD: New nuclear subs will cost $347 billion to acquire, operate. Dont blame the caveman. Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. Some people think of war as a negative thing, and some people . Social studies is an integrated research field. War and social change in modern Europe: The great transformation revisited. His wife April had to quit her teaching job to take care of him, and their life savings slowly dwindled. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Most arms exports from the United States and other exporters go to developing nations. One teenager recalled the tensions that arose when his father was in Iraq: I was in eighth grade when my dad deployed to Iraq. Resources, the environment, and conflict. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from yourhomeworksolutions by clicking the purchase button below The post Identify two social science issues related to war. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. Causes of war. The Washington Post. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. End of US military segregation set stage for rights movement. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. New York, NY: Penguin. What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? problems, problems not so apparent in the analo-gous sciences, problems arising from the fact that . One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. Nuclear war is no longer a two-player game, as it largely was during the cold war, with the U.S. and NATO facing off against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. Many veterans are experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked by nightmares, panic attacks, and other symptoms (Dao, 2012). Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. Drew, C. (2011, March 30). Dao, J. Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. Choose one of the five social institutions. Leitenberg, M. (2006). Trade-offs. (2011). Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. Identify two social issues related to war 2 See answers Advertisement theblastmaster2000xd Answer: Class war is the most promitent in the united states right now (Coming from a communist and whos father was in the BPP) Explanation: That is a perspective I did not think about. John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. The primary mode of research involved survey questionnaires given anonymously to samples, many of them random, of military members. Introduction. A social studies essay might be assigned to any middle school, high school, or college student. As just one example of such waste, a 2011 federal audit found that cost overruns over the prior two years had added at least $70 billion to projected costs of various weapons systems (Drew, 2011). Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. 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